Wednesday, October 12, 2011

Magento - how to...

 

    Hi there, today I'm gonna tell you about such a stuff like magento. First of all what it is.

   Magento ─ open source online store, distributed under the Open Software License (OSL 3.0). Magento is one of the most popular open systems for organizing electronic commerce network: based on the platform created over 100,000 online stores, third-party developers created more than 2 thousand extensions community project has about 375,000 members, the platform code was downloaded more than 2.5 million times through the system based on Magento in 2010 was sold for $ 25 billion.
   For several years the platform several times been awarded prizes "Best of Open Source Software Awards" and "SourceForge Community Choice Awards".
 
   This software was written using the Zend Framework. Magento source code distributed within the organization approved Open Source Initiative (OSI) License Open Software License (OSL) v3.0, close in nature to a license AGPL, but not compatible with GPL. Feature licenses OSL is that if someone modifies the program, but will not distribute your work, but simply uses it on his website, he is still obliged to open the code changes and distribute it under the same license. This OSL license does not prohibit commercial use of products.
 
   And now I'll try to install it on my local machine.
I'm starting with downloading it from official site.

So it will be step 1
use this link to download mageto:
 www.magentoecommerce.com/download
and choose the format you need. You can choose between the smaller version «Downloader".
It  unpack files during the process of installation and  «Full Release" that include already unpacked files.



   Also download "Sample data" (Testing data) as it  will help you get used to Magento and learn the interface. 
You  will be asked to register but it's not necessarily. If you want to download without registration just press   «No, thanks. Just take me to the download page".






Top 10 most viewed commercials from Apple (video)



    How do they make you want Mac, iPhone or iPad?
The secret of success Steve Jobs was not only in managerial talent, and especially the "apple" vision of the IT industry. Inherent founder of Apple sense of style and taste wandered in the advertising image of the corporation, which is not the first decade infects millions gadget fetishism.

   Most powerful part of Apple advertising has always been that it wasn't addressed to loyal fans who was  ready to to buy every new model of gadgets at any price, but to those who even wash't yet interested in this trade mark. Each video urged potential buyer that he just needs iPod, iPhone or iPad. And he did it successfully other way Apple today wouldn't be more funds available than the U.S. government.

   The company Visible Measures has top ten commercials Apple, which gained the most popularity on the Internet.

Presentation of the iPhone 4 - 17.3 million views





Advertising Macintosh in 1984 - 10.3 million views


«Buy Mac» – 8 million views



 Presentation of iPad2 – 6,5 millions views




"Introduction, iPad!» - 3,6 million views




Adds to iPad - 3,4 million views




"Think Different!"  3 million views


"iPad Is Amazing" 2.8 million views





Tuesday, October 11, 2011

Wikipedia has received the largest grant in history


 

   Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has received the largest grant in its history, size of $ 3.6 million
According to the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that runs Wikipedia, the grant was given Stanton Foundation. The money will be used to support the operation of technical possibilities of site. Wikipedia is a 5 most visited site of the world, and representatives of the project all the time talk about the need for substantial funds to maintain this flow of visitors.
   At the moment the audience of all Wikimedia projects exceeds 422 million unique visitors monthly. The resulting grant will be used to develop new interface editing articles to facilitate this process on the site.

Monday, October 10, 2011

Remembering Steve Jobs



                                 Steve Jobs
                                   1955 - 2011

    "Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being.
    Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor.
    Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple."

                                                                 apple.com





    Steven Paul Jobs (born Steven Paul Jobs, Steve Jobs; * February 24, 1955 - † October 5, 2011) - American engineer and entrepreneur, co-founder and CEO of American corporations Apple Inc.
    He was also founder and former CEO of the studio Pixar, and in 2006 became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company, after the latter acquired Pixar Animation Studios. He listed as executive producer of animated film Toy Story, which was introduced in 1995.

 
    In the late 1970s, Jobs with co-founder of Apple Steve Wozniak created one of the first commercially successful personal computers. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first people who drew attention to the commercial potential of the mouse when using it in a graphical user interface.

    Having lost the power to fight the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded a computer company NeXT, which specializes in the markets of business and higher education. 1997 Steve Jobs returned to Apple, became interim executive director and joined them with NeXT. The magazine «Fortune» Steve Jobs was named the most influential entrepreneur in 2007 and fell to the list of top managers in 2009.
    1986 Steve bought the Lucasfilm studio The Graphics Group, later renamed the «Pixar». He was its CEO and majority shareholder to purchase "Walt Disney" in 2006. By the end of their lives Jobs was a member of the Board of Directors «The Walt Disney Company».



Biography 

Steven Paul Jobs was born February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. Dear Mother Steve - 17-year-old student - after birth given child in a foster family. Foster child's parents were Paul and Clara Jobs Jobs-Akopian. Clara worked in the accounting firm, and Paul Jobs was a mechanic in the company that produced laser installations. When Jobs was five, the family moved to Mountain View campus, located in the heart of Silicon Valley.
In 12 years, he telephoned the head of Hewlett-Packard William H'yulettu and asked him the details he needed to draw up a gear. Having talked with the boy, William sent him everything and invited us to his work on vacation. While working at Hewlett-Packard Jobs Wozniak met .
After graduating from high school in 1972, Steven Jobs came to Reed College (Reed College) in Oregon, but has 6 months left of training. Junior Jobs continued to live in dormitory rooms at your friends because they do not have another home. Engaged calligraphy courses in the future called the basis for a beautiful branded fonts Apple. To somehow survive, he handed the bottle and walked to the free Sunday dinners to kryshnayitskoho temple.
Together with friends Steve Wozniak and John Draper were gathering «Blue Box» 's - means for frikinhu.
In the 1975th year, together with a friend from Reed College (and later, the first employee of Apple) Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment has gone to India where the guru would visit vayshnavskoho nimu Karoly Baba in his ashram in Vrindavani. From India, Jobs returned to the Buddhist shaved head and traditional Indian clothing. During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, describing his experience with LSD, "one of the two or three most important things he did in his life."

On April 1976, at age twenty, along with Steve Wozniak founded Apple Computer, which was engaged in producing computer of his own design. The company was officially incorporated in early 1977. The author of the majority of development was Wozniak, while Jobs is performed marketolohom.Kompaniya Apple was founded in the garage, the example of many American computer companies of the time, trying to resist the computer giant IBM. Steve Jobs was the head of the company and its manager, while Wozniak was the designer of the first personal computer. For ten years after founding Apple was one of the leaders of the PC market that was valued at U.S. $ 2 billion and accounted for no 2 people and 4000 workers.
Jobs became CEO of Apple 1981. For many years he had no leadership position in the company, but had their hands full power. Profit Jobs then totaled 486 million U.S. dollars. January 24, 1984 year at the annual meeting of shareholders of Apple emotional Jobs 
introduced the audience the first Macintosh. He became the first                  commercially successful computer with a graphical user interface.               Steve Jobs in 1977 

But in 1985 Steve Jobs was fired from the same companies own the decision of the Board of Directors Apple Computer. That same year he founded NeXT, that specializes in creating hardware and workstations. In 1986, Jobs became one of the founders of the animation studio Pixar, creating it on the basis of redeemed at the director of "Star Wars" George Lucas kinoimperiyi his unit. The company Pixar has created the world's first computer animated film Toy Story and today is one of the most successful animation studios in the world. 2006 Jobs sold Pixar Studios Walt Disney, and he remained on the board of directors of Pixar and simultaneously became the largest individual - a shareholder of Disney, received at its disposal a 7 percent stake studio.
1996 Apple bought a company NeXT, Steve Jobs and in 1997 returned to Apple. 2000 Steve Jobs is a full-fledged CEO.
2001 Jobs introduced the first player iPod. After several years selling iPod has become the main source of income of the company. Under the direction of Jobs, Apple significantly strengthened its position in the PC market. 2006 the company introduced a network media player Apple TV, in 2007 began selling mobile phone iPhone, in 2008 Steve has demonstrated the world's thinnest notebook, called MacBook Air.
Since January 2011 he was in a perpetual holiday for health reasons, but invariably represented the public the new products of the company. In August 2011 Steve Jobs stated that goes from office to the CEO.
2004 doctors discovered he had pancreatic cancer that is incurable. Steve left a few weeks to live, but it turned out that he had a rare form of cancer that can be cured. Steve promptly underwent surgery, and he continued to work in the company Apple. In April 2009, Jobs had a liver transplant.
Since January 2011 he was in a perpetual holiday for health reasons, but invariably represented the public the new products of the company. In August 2011 Steve Jobs stated that goes from office to the CEO.
October 5, 2011, after a long illness aged 56, co-founder of Apple Steve Jobs is dead. Sympathy and sorrow over his death the same day publicly voiced U.S. President Barack Obama and his wife, Microsoft founder Bill Gates, founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, Google founders Sergey Brin and others
Steve was buried on Friday, October 7, the media reported that the ceremony was very modest and where he was buried is unknown.



Views on life 

Steve spent his youth in search of meaning in life and enlightenment, he was engaged Maharyshy yoga while traveling India. For some time uzhyvav light and heavy drugs such as marijuana, LSD and some other psychotropic substances. Resorted to fasts and vegetarianism.
About Steve Jobs was shot feature film based on his biography and the history of Apple and Microsoft, which is called Pirates cylikonovoyi Valley
Steve Jobs was not the inventor and designer of the first personal computer, Apple, Steve Wozniak created it. But Steve Jobs brought the idea of ​​PC life. If Steve does not put all their energy to commercialization project Apple I, he had many chances to fail.


Speech before graduates of Stanford, 2005 


"I did not have my room, I slept on the floor in friends, handed over the bottle from under when the 5 cents to buy food, and every Sunday walked 7 miles on foot to once a week good dinner in the church Krischnait. It was wonderful! " (With a speech before graduates of Stanford, 2005)
"Stay hungry, stay foolhardy" (from speech to graduates of Stanford, 2005)
"The main reason why people would buy a home computer will be able to be associated with a national communications network. We are now at the beginning of this stage, but it will be a real breakthrough. At about the same as the appearance of the phone" (Playboy, 1985 year)
"Better be a pirate than to serve in the Navy" (From the book Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple, 1982)
"If for some reason we ostupymosya, make some irreparable mistakes and lose the competition, IBM and Microsoft ... Then for the entire computer industry comes the dark times" (From the book of Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward, 1984)
"He (machine) executes the instructions are very simple - take a number, add it to another number, compare the result with the third, but he does them at a speed of one million per second. And at the speed of one million per second result seems to have magic "(Playboy, 1985)
"You want life to sell sweetened water or want to go with me and try to change the world?" (PepsiCo President John Sculley peremanyuyuchy him the post of CEO of Apple, 1983. Two years later, Scully would achieve the liberation of Jobs with Apple)
"John Sculley ruined Apple, filling the minds of employees wrong values. He replaced the people with the right principles for people with the wrong. And together they earned tens of millions of dollars to take care of their own glory and prosperity than about Apple and, most importantly, users of its products "(Speech at the Smithsonian Institution, 1995)
"I was like a hit in the stomach and knocked on my soul. I'm only thirty, and I want to continue to create things. I know that I can create at least one large computer. But Apple does not give me a chance" (Playboy, 1987)
"I have a plan to save Apple. Perfect products and perfect strategy that will suit the company. But nobody there will listen to me" (Fortune, 1995)
"Looking back, I can say that my release from Apple was the best event in my life. I lost luggage successful person and again found the ease and novice doubts. It freed me and marked the beginning of my most creative period" "(from speech to Stanford graduates , 2005)
"The problem Microsoft is that they have no taste. Not at all. They do not think creatively. In their products no culture" "(Triumph of The Nerds, 1996)
"I wish him all the best, though. I just think he and Microsoft - it's very narrow-minded. He went to the benefit, if in his youth, he tried LSD or lived with hippies" (about Bill Gates, The New York Times, 1997)
"Creativity - is simply creating relationships between things. When you ask creative people how they have done something, they feel a little guilty because they did not do anything really, just noticed. It becomes clear to them over time. They had called 'yazaty various pieces of his experience and synthesize something new. This is because they have experienced and seen more than others, or because they think more about it "(Wired, 1996)
"When you are young and you watch TV, I think that TV companies have agreed to and want to make people stupid. But then you get older and comes to understand: the people themselves want it. And this idea scares a lot more. Conspiracy - it's not scary. You can shoot freaks , start the revolution but there is no conspiracy, TV just to meet demand. Unfortunately, it is true "(Wired, 1996)
"It is very difficult to create a product, using focus groups. Often people do not know what they want as long as they do not teach" (BusinessWeek, 1998)
"We made the icons on the screen so beautiful that you want them lyznuty" (On Mac OS X, Fortune, 2000)
"" Do not be evil "- is nonsense" (On the corporate motto of Google "Don't be evil", 2010)
"The last 33 years every morning I looked in the mirror and ask yourself:" If today is the last day?? In my life whether I will do what is planned for today? "(Speech before graduates of Stanford, 2005)
"I do not want to be the richest man in the cemetery" (The Wall Street Journal, 1993)
"The problem is that I became older and realized that technological innovations can not really change the world. Sorry, but true. This understanding comes with the advent of children. You narodzhuyeshsya, aging, and then dies. And so there are a lot of years . And nothing is not change "(Wired, 1996)
"I am confident that the lightest days of Apple inventions and innovations yet to come" "(Message of Apple staff of 24 August 2011)
"The idea that I will soon die - a great tool that helped me to make all important decisions in life. The thought of impending death - the best way to get rid of the illusion that you have something to lose. Holenkyy like you already, and there is no reason to follow from the bottom of my heart. Death - is the best invention of Life "(speech to students at Stanford, 2005).

                                                                                                                Always alive. Steve Jobs.






Tuesday, October 4, 2011

С# (C-Sharp) - object-oriented programming language





      C # (pronounced C-Sharp) - object-oriented programming language with a secure system for typing platform. NET. A Heylsberhom Anders, Scott and Peter Golde Viltamutom under the auspices of Microsoft Research (with firm Microsoft).
      C # syntax similar to C + + and Java. It has a strict static typification, supports polymorphism, overloading operators, pointers to function members of classes, attributes, events, properties, exceptions, comments in XML. Pereynyavshy many of his predecessors - like C + +, Delphi, module and Smalltalk - C #, based on the practice of their use, excludes some models that have proven to be problematic in developing software systems: yes, C # does not support multiple inheritance of classes ( Unlike C + +) or output types (in contrast to Haskell).

      History of ...

        C # is a very close to the programming language Java. The language Java was created by Sun Microsystems, when the global development of the Internet made the task of computing facilities scattered. Based on the popular language C + +, Java has excluded it from potentially dangerous items (such as pointers, without going beyond). For facilities scattered computing concept was created virtual machine and machine-independent byte-code, a kind of mediator between source code and hardware instructions a computer or other device.
Java has acquired considerable popularity, and was also licensed by Microsoft. But over time, Sun began to blame Microsoft, and that before creating a clone of Java makes it compatible only with platform Windows, what supeprechyt very concept of machine-independent execution environment and violates the license agreement. Microsoft refused to meet the requirements of the Sun, and therefore determine the relationship has taken on trial. The Court found the position of fair Sun, and ordered Microsoft to abandon pozalitsenziynoho use Java.
In this situation, Microsoft decided to use their weight on the market, create your own analogue of Java, the language in which the corporation will povnovlasnym master. This newly created language called C #. She inherited the concept of Java Virtual Machine (environment. NET), the bytecode (MSIL) and more security source code, plus take into account the experience of programs in Java.
An innovation was the ability to C # easier interaction, compared to the predecessor languages, code programs written in other languages ​​that are important in creating large projects. If the program in different languages ​​running on the platform. NET,. NET is the charge on application compatibility (ie, data types, with the final score).
As of today, C # language defines flagship corporation Microsoft, because it most fully exploits new opportunities. NET. Other programming languages, although supported, but recognized as having hereditary gaps to use. NET.


Name of language

      The # in the name of the language can be interpreted also as two pairs of pluses + +, that hint at a new step in language development compared to C + + (like the step from C to C + +), and as a musical symbol sharp, along with the letter C, which is in English to name the notes-sharp. The latter gave the name of the language. Despite the fact that the symbol # (oktotorp) is actually a symbol to indicate the number of most keyboards and different from the sharp symbol ♯ (Unicode U +266 F), Microsoft, as the author of the language, have repeatedly appealed to their customers asking to take such styling.


Features of Language 

      C # was developed as a programming language for application-level CLR and, as such, depends primarily on the capabilities of the CLR. This applies, above all, types of C #. The presence or absence of certain features of expressive language is dictated by whether a particular linguistic feature to be broadcast in the relevant design CLR. Thus, the development of CLR version 1.1 to 2.0 significantly enriched himself C #; such interaction should be expected to continue. (However, this pattern is broken with the release of C # 3.0, which is a language extension that does not rely on the extension platform. NET.) CLR provides C #, like all others. NET-oriented languages ​​has many features that may be deprived of "classic" programming languages . For example, garbage collection is not implemented in the C #, and CLR performed for programs written in C # exactly as it is done for programs in VB.NET, J #, etc..

Example «Hello, World»
using System;

class ExampleClass
{
  static void Main()
  {
    Console.WriteLine("Hello, world!");
  }
}

Sunday, October 2, 2011

BUILDING C # (C-Sharp)






  BUILDING C #


Java developers have successfully settled many problems associated with portability in an environment of Internet, but not all. One of them - interlingual interoperability (cross-language interoperability) software and hardware products from different suppliers, or multi-programming (mixed-language programming). If this problem programs written in different languages, could work successfully with each other. Such interaction is necessary for large systems of distributed software (software), as well as programming software components as a valuable component that can be used in a wide range of computer languages ​​and operating environments.
In addition, Java is not achieved full integration of the platform Windows. Although Java-program can be executed in the environment Windows (if vstanolennya virtual machine Java), Java and Windows is not tightly bound environments. And since Windows - this is the most widely used operating system in the world, the lack of direct support for Windows - a serious lack of Java.
To meet these needs, Microsoft has developed a language C #, C # was created in the late 1990s and became part of the joint. NET-into the Microsoft. She first saw light as an alpha version in mid-2000. The main architect of C # was Heylsberh Anders (Anders Hejlsberg) - one of the leading experts in the field of programming languages ​​that has received worldwide recognition. Suffice it to say that in 1980 he was the author of a successful product Turbo Pascal, elegant implementation of which set the standard for all future compilers.






Fig. 1. The development of programming languages.

C # directly associated with C, C + + and Java. This is no accident. These three languages ​​- the most popular and favorite programming language in the world.Moreover, almost all professional programmers today know C and C + +, and most know Java. Because C # is built on a solid, meaningful foundation, the transition from these "fundamental" as to "add" occurs without much effort on the part of programmers. As Anders Heylsberh not going to invent a new language, he focused on the introduction of improvements.

Pramovoyu C # language is C. From C C # language syntax inherited a lot of keywords and operators. In addition, C # is built on the improved object model defined in C + +.
C # and Java are related by the somewhat more complicated. As mentioned above, Java is also a descendant of C and C + +. It is also common with her like syntax and object model. Like Java C # is designed to create portable code.However, C # - not a descendant of Java. Rather, C # and Java can be considered cousins ​​with a common ancestor, but have received different sets of parents' genes. "

INTERNET AND APPEARANCE LANGUAGE JAVA




   INTERNET AND APPEARANCE LANGUAGE JAVA 
   The next level of progress on the steps of programming languages ​​has become a language Java, which initially called Oak (translated from the English. "Oak").Work on its development started in 1991 by Sun Microsystems. The main driving force behind the development of Java, James Gosling was (James Gosling).
    Java - a structural object-oriented programming language syntax and principles which "kind" of C + +. His innovative aspects of Java must not so much progress in the art of programming (though it took place), but changes in the computer environment. Even before the advent of Internet, most programs were written, kompilyuvalysya and intended for use with a processor and running a particular operating system. Despite the fact that programmers have always sought to make their programs so that they can be used repeatedly, the ability to easily migrate application from one environment to another was not yet achieved, besides the problem of portability constantly vikladalysya, accomplished much more pressing problems. But with the advent of global network Internet, which were linked different types of processors and operating systems, the old problem of portability has declared itself in full voice. To fix it required a new programming language, and it was Java
   Interestingly, although the single most important aspect of Java (and the reason for the rapid recognition) can create cross-platform on it (compatible with multiple operating environments), portable code, the original impetus for the emergence of Java was not the Internet, and persistent demand for an independent fromplatform language that could be used in the process of creating software for embedded controllers. In 1993 it became clear that the problem of Cross-platform portability, which clearly proved in the creation code in embedded controllers, were also relevant when trying to write code for the Internet. For Internet - a great computing environment in which "lives" lots of different types of computers. And it turned out that the same methods of solving the problem of portability in a small scale can be successfully applied to a much larger, ie the Internet in Java portability is achieved by converting the source code into intermediate code, called byte-code), ie machine- independent code generated by Java-compiler.Byte-code runs a virtual machine Java (Java Virtual Machine - JVM) - a special operating system. So, Java-program could work in any environment where the available JVM. And since the JVM is relatively simple to implement, it quickly became available for many environments.
  
   Using the Java-bytecode programs radically distinguishes them from the C and C + + programs. If the C / C + + program to perform in another system, it must be recompiled to machine code corresponding to that environment.
   So, to create C / C + + program, designed to perform in different environments, you must have several different executable (machine) versions of this program. It was impractical and expensive. Conversely, the use for Java-language programs of the intermediate was an elegant and cost-effective solution. That this decision was adapted for the language C #.

CREATING OOP and C + +



CREATING OOP and C + +


 By the late 1970s the size of projects began to approach critical, above which method of structured programming and C language "gave up". So began to show new approaches to programming, allowing <solve this problem. One of them is called object-oriented programming (OOP). Using OOP, a programmer could handle much larger programs than before. But the problem was that C, the most popular at the time it does not support the PLO. The desire to work with object-oriented version of C language and eventually led to the creation of C + +.Language C + + was developed by Björn Straustrupom (Bjarne Stroustrup) in the company of Bell Laboratories (New Jersey), a year is 1979 and. Initially, the creator of a new language called it "C with classes", but in 1983 the name was changed to C + +. C + + includes all elements of the language C. Thus, C can be considered the foundation on which built C + +. Most additions are made to Straustrup C, were designed to support object-oriented programming. In fact, C + + - an object-oriented language version of MS creating C + + through C Straustrup ensure a smooth transition of many programmers for the PLO. Instead of having to learn a completely new language, C-programmer was enough just to learn new tools to take advantage of object-oriented techniques.During the 1980s, C + + and intensively developed at the beginning of the 1990s was already hotovp for public use. The growth of its popularity was of the explosive nature and by the end of this decade it has become the most used programming language. Nowadays, language C + + still has the undoubted advantage in developing high-performance system-level programs.

Object-oriented programming


Object-oriented paradigm has given class hierarchy. Object-oriented programming metaphor B. Straustrupa, author of C + + - one of the most popular languages ​​for object-oriented programming - a highly intellectual synonymous with good programming. Indeed, new programming paradigms appear less frequently, not more than one per decade. The fact that object-oriented paradigm has been used successfully for 20 years, itself is an important confirmation of its viability.
The algorithms are implemented in procedural programming, too specific. Any modification - this is a new algorithm and thus the number of procedures and functions that are in use, excessive increases. Modular programming algorithms are grouped into modules, while inkapsulyuyuchy data structures. It now remains to take the next step - to build a hierarchy of modules or classes.
Such hierarchies may be two. The first of them - to be part of something. For example, the line is part of polyhedra, ridge - part of the face, top - part of the rib.Another hierarchy - to be a generalization or specification. For example, oval and polygon are specifying a plane figure, the circle - specifying an oval, quadrangle - specifying the polygon, quadrilateral further specification can serve as a parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, square. The fact that a square, rhombus, rectangle is a parallelogram allows them full access to all software made for a parallelogram, a parallelogram, in turn, is a full quadrangle, and so on. This principle, known as reusable - again - Used became one of the most important achievements of object-oriented paradigm. Again, using already existing software in more concrete terms, we appends only the part concerning the characteristics of existing concrete. This principle was named programming by difference or posting programs.
Finally, object-oriented paradigm brings to the logical completion of the principle of modeling the real world, or rather the part, which serves as an abstraction program. With this approach, the program consists of objects that correspond to real objects or concepts. Implementation of the program is reduced to the interaction of objects, which serves as an abstraction of the real interaction prototypes. All this has provided an object-oriented approach is unquestionable leadership in developing programs.
Today the family of languages ​​object-oriented programming three most prominent representative: C + +, Java and C # (C Sharp read). C + +, and today remains a recognized leader in the development of large and complex software systems.Java and C # have grown up with C + +. They have their scope of application in distributed programming and will be studied by us later.

OBJECT (module) PROGRAMMING



OBJECT (module) PROGRAMMING 

The procedural paradigm recognized the algorithmic component programming.But with increasing complexity of applications and data, a new problem of structural organization of data, most yemko expressed Virtovskoyu formula "Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs". 

The notion of module as data abstraction was first proposed by Parnas in 1972, though at that time there was already a programming language Simula 67, which used the paradigm of objects. In its most complete form of the concept of data abstraction were implemented in programming language module-2.
The main idea is to provide access to data, regardless of their particular presentation. The data and program their embedded processing (encapsulated) in a separate program unit.

PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING





PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING 

Procedural programming provides the program as a set of algorithms for processing which can be used named program units - procedure and function. In the latter case, provided there are mechanisms for passing parameters and return result.
Initially, a procedural programming enjoyed arbitrary controls, including the transition labeled with - one of the most common operators driving in Fortran.
In procedural programming languages ​​include Fortran, Cobol, Pascal, Basic, and others.
In 1968, Dutch scientist E. Dijkstra first drew attention to problems that arise in applications with uncontrollable transitions, in 1970 proclaimed a new direction, which he called the structures (Peninsula) its programming.
Structured programming - a procedural option that uses three types of control structures: sequential execution of actions and branching cycle. Not surprisingly, Fortran does not support this paradigm - in his set of cycles has not been provided. Since Algol and Pascal in particular, cycles are the primary means of calculations in the program.
By Pascal, Professor N. Wirth, took him to the programming language created only simple to explain and easy to implement design. Due to strong typing in Pascal programs are characterized by high reliability, they are mobile by purpose and concept of Pascal-machine, easy to read and understand the discipline because the programming is dictated taken by the paradigm.
But along with this application is hampered by Pascal difficulty going beyond virtual machine, needs the effective use of existing equipment. The main criterion taken Kernihanom B. and D. Ritchie to set up their language C, has the flexibility to use specific hardware features and effectiveness of programs.
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